shore birds

American Avocet

The American Avocet is a bird species belonging to the family Recurvirostridae. Its scientific name is Recurvirostra americana. It is a medium-sized shorebird with distinct black and white plumage and long, thin, upturned bills.
American Avocets can be found wading in shallow wetlands, sometimes in water less than 8 inches deep, but they are also known to swim in deeper waters. Foraging in shallow fresh and saltwater wetlands, salt ponds, impoundments, and evaporation ponds. When they forage, they search for aquatic invertebrates in shallow water while wading or swimming. Their diet is composed of a variety of prey such as beetles, water boatmen, midges, brine flies, fairy shrimp, water fleas, amphipods, small fish, and seeds from aquatic plants. These avocets employ a unique hunting technique called scything, where they sweep their bill from side to side to catch prey in the water column. They repeat this behavior with every step, placing their slightly open bill in the water and moving it in the direction of their outstretched foot, alternating sides with each step. Pecking and plunging are also used by American Avocets to capture prey. Pecking involves lunging out with their bill to snatch prey within the water column or in the wetland bottom while plunging requires the birds to submerge their head and neck underwater to grab prey in the water column. The birds’ foraging methods are influenced by the time of day, flock size, and date. Scything and pecking are more common during the day while plunging is more frequent at night.
During the breeding season, they form loose colonies and defend their nest sites by adopting various postures such as outstretching their necks or performing a crouch-run while ruffling their feathers to deter intruders. When faced with a land predator, they may approach the threat with a teetering gait and outstretched wings, as if walking on a tightrope. To distract the predator, they may crouch on the ground as if incubating and then move to another location to repeat the action.
Before copulation, male American Avocets engage in a display where they preen themselves with water, gradually increasing the intensity until they frenziedly splash about just before mating with the female. After mating, the pair intertwines their necks with their bills crossed and runs forward. The pair stays together for one breeding season. During the nesting period, the American Avocets perform a unique display called “circling,” where two pairs or a pair and a third individual form a circle and stretch their bills towards each other while rotating and calling out. On their wintering grounds, they often gather in flocks with other shorebirds, especially the Black-necked Stilt, foraging and resting together. They nest in areas with little or no vegetation along dikes and islands. During winter they also use intertidal mudflats, tidal lagoons, brackish impoundments, sewage ponds, rice fields, and flooded pastures. The selection of a nest site is a joint effort by male and female avocets. The male takes the lead, guiding the female around and creating scrapes in the ground until they agree on a suitable location. The nest itself is formed by either the male or female making a shallow indentation in the earth using their breast and feet. They may then line the scrape with materials such as grass, feathers, pebbles, or other small items, although some nests are left unlined. During incubation, additional lining may be added to the nest, particularly if there is a risk of flooding due to rising water levels.
The American Avocet is not currently classified as a threatened or endangered species, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. However, it is still facing various threats, such as habitat loss and degradation due to human activities such as agriculture and urban development, as well as climate change.
Here are some ways to help protect the American Avocet and its habitat:
1. Support conservation organizations: Many organizations are working to protect the habitats and populations of the American Avocet, such as the National Audubon Society and the American Bird Conservancy. Consider donating to or volunteering with these groups.
2. Advocate for habitat preservation: You can contact your elected officials to advocate for the preservation of wetlands, marshes, and other essential habitats that the American Avocet depends on for survival.
3. Plant native plants: By planting native plants in your yard, you can create a habitat for birds like the American Avocet and help restore degraded areas.
4. Reduce your carbon footprint: Climate change is a significant threat to the American Avocet and many other bird species. You can help by reducing your carbon footprint, for example, by using energy-efficient appliances, driving less, and eating a plant-based diet.
By taking these actions, we can help protect the American Avocet and ensure that future generations can enjoy these beautiful birds.
Photo Credit: Dan Kon
Author: Renada Hill – Valencia State College
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Wilson’s Snipe

Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) is a medium-sized pudgy shorebird with short, stocky legs. The bill is very straight and very long. The head is round, and the tail is short. They measure 10.6-12.6 inches with a wingspan of 16.1-17.3 inches, weighing 2.8-5.2 oz. Wilson’s Snipe are intricately patterned in buff and brown stripes and bars. The dark head has prominent buffy to whiteish stripes. There are three long buffy streaks along their dark backs. The chest is streaked and spotted with brown; the sides are heavily barred with black. In flight, the wings are dark above and below. Wilson’s Snipe has an extremely large range from Canada to the United States through Central America to Venezuela. Florida makes up their nonbreeding range.
This shorebird can be found in all types of marshy settings. They avoid areas with tall, dense vegetation, but they do need small areas that have cover to hide in and to provide a safe lookout for predators. Wilson’s Snipe diet mainly consists of insect larvae, including flies such as crane, horse, and deer flies as well as beetles, dragonflies, crickets, grasshoppers, ants, mayflies, butterflies, caddis flies, and moths. Other invertebrates include snails, crustaceans, and worms. Small vertebrates which include lizards, frogs, fish, and nestlings are occasionally eaten with plant materials making up a tiny part of their diet. Their flexible bills are used to probe for food in the wet soil, food is grasped by the tip of the bill while the base remains closed, and they can slurp up the food without removing their bill from the wet soil. The Wilson’s Snipe eyes are set far back on its head that they can almost as well behind as in front and to the sides. This makes it difficult for potential predators to sneak up on them. The term “has eyes in the back of its head” can be used for Wilson’s Snipe!
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, this species’ population is widespread and stable making them a low conservation concern. However, the draining or conversion of wetland habitat is detrimental to this species. There are still threats such as collisions with lighthouses, radio, TV, cell towers, buildings, and cars.
Photo Credit: Lynn Marie
Author: Destiny Alvarez – Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Oregon
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Willet

Willets (Tringa semipalmata) are large, stocky shore birds with long legs and thick, straight bills considerably longer than their head. Their wings are broader and rounder than many other shorebirds, and the tail is short and squared off at the base. Willets measure 13.0-16.1 inches with a wingspan of 27.6 inches and weigh about 7.0-11.6 oz. Willets are gray or brown in color. During flight, they display a striking white and black stripe along each wing. Their colors in summer are mottled gray, brown, and black; in winter, they are much plainer gray. They are nocturnal migrants, only living in the coastal Florida areas during the winter nonbreeding season.
The Willet’s widespread wintering range makes them one of the easiest shorebirds to spot. They inhabit open beaches, bay shores, marshes, mudflats, and rocky coastal zones. In winter, Willets eat small crabs, worms, clams, and other invertebrates from saltwater marshes and along open coastlines. Willets can feed during the night and day, grabbing their prey from the surface using their sensitive bill tip.
Although Willets are common in some areas, they declined between 1966 and 2014, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey. The 2014 State of the Birds Watch List has listed this species as a risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action. Both adults and fledglings are also vulnerable to collisions with power lines built through wetland breeding sites. During the 19th century, Willets were widely hunted for food. It took the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 to begin the Willet’s comeback to its present numbers.
Photo Credit: Lynn Marie, Dan Kon
Author: Destiny Alvarez – Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Oregon
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Killdeer

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) is a shorebird that is about the size of a robin measuring 7.9-11.0 inches with a wingspan of 18.1-18.9 inches; they weigh about 2.6-4.5 oz. The Killdeer has a round head with large eyes and a short bill. Their plumage is brownish-tan on top and white on the bottom; two black bands are on the white chest. Their brown face I marked with black and white patches. The Killdeer get their name from the shrill, wailing kill-deer call they give. These birds have an extremely wide range from Canada to the United States and Pacific Coast. Some of the northern populations do migrate to Mexico in the winter. The populations in the southern United States and Pacific Coast are year-round residents.
Killdeer spend most of their time walking along the ground or running ahead a few steps before stopping to look around and then running on again. They will quickly take flight when disturbed, circling overhead and calling repeatedly. These birds can be found on open ground with low vegetation such as lawns, driveways, gravel-covered roofs, pastures, fields, sandbars, and mudflats. Compared to other shorebirds they do not only stay close to the water as they are also common in dry areas.
They will search for insects and earthworms by running and stopping to look around. Invertebrates are what primarily make up their diet. Invertebrates include earthworms, snails, crayfish, grasshoppers, beetles, and aquatic insect larvae, they will also eat seeds left in agricultural lands. As an opportunistic forager, Killdeer has been seen hunting frogs and eating dead minnows.
Their nest is a shallow depression on the ground, After egg-laying begins, Killdeer will often add rocks, bits of shell, sticks, and trash to the nest. The clutch size will typically be 3-6 eggs, though the number of broods will be 1-3, and the incubation period is at 22-28 days. Eggs are buff-colored and heavily marked with blackish brown. Chicks have a full coat of buffy down feathers and a single black breast band, they can walk out of the nest as soon as their feathers dry. To protect the nest, the parents will distract predators by calling loudly, bobbing, and running away. Another method that is used to lure predators away is the broken-wing display by feigning injury.
The Killdeer is a species that is of relatively low conservation concern. They are among the most successful of all shorebirds because of their fondness for human-modified habitats and willingness to nest close to people. However, because they live close to people, Killdeer are vulnerable to pesticide positioning and collisions with cars and buildings.
Photo Credit: Dan Kon
Author: Destiny Alvarez – Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Oregon
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Greater Yellow Legs

Greater Yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca, are large sandpipers that are bigger than robins and smaller than crows. They are easy to identify because of their color pattern of white with black and brown spots. Greater Yellowlegs have long necks, long yellow legs, and thick-based but long black bills. Lesser and Greater Yellowlegs look similar, but the Greater Yellowlegs are larger and less delicate birds.
This species is commonly seen in Florida wetlands during winter. However, greater yellowlegs also spend time in the Mexico-US border and Central and South America during the non-breeding season. When it is time for breeding, Greater Yellowlegs stay along the Canada-US border. During migration season, the birds inhabit most of the United States, southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.
The diet of Greater Yellowlegs consists mostly of insects and small fish, but they also feed on small forms of marine life such as snails, tadpoles, and marine worms.
During the winter Floridians will have the opportunity to observe this incredible species.
Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College
Work Cited: “Greater Yellowlegs.” Audubon, Accessed on 12 November 2021
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Sanderling

Sanderlings, Calidris alba, are chubby little sandpipers that grow to only 7 or 8 inches, weigh 1.5 to 3 .5 ounces, and have a wingspan of up to 13.8 inches.
Sanderlings breed in the arctic tundra and migrate to the southern United States and South America in the fall where they spend their winters. Non-breeding adults may choose to avoid the long flight to the arctic and spend their summers in the hotter climates.
Look for Sanderlings foraging on Florida’s beaches and sometimes in mudflats. These shorebirds use their little black legs to run fast to snatch up prey when the tide recedes and run away as the tide rolls in. Their black beaks are perfect for plucking aquatic invertebrates, most often sand crabs, from the sand. Sanderlings also dine on small mollusks, insects, worms, grasses, seeds, and human junk food.
Sadly, Sanderlings are listed as a species of high concern by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network due to declining populations. Threats include the development and alteration of shoreline habitats, pesticide pollution, and oil spills.
Sanderlings are fierce defenders of their feeding grounds. Humans can be fierce defenders of their feeding grounds too. Participate in beach cleanups, leave nothing behind when you visit a beach and advocate for the preservation of Sanderling’s natural habitat.
Photo Credit: David Gale
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Shore Birds

American Avocet

American Avocet

Baird's Sandpiper

Baird’s Sandpiper

Black-necked Stilt

Black-necked Stilt

Greater Yellow Legs

Greater Yellow Legs

Killdeer

Killdeer

Ruddy Turnstone

Ruddy Turnstone

Sanderling

Sanderling

Willet

Willet

Wilson's Snipe

Wilson’s Snipe

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Black-necked Stilt

Black-necked stilts, Himantopus mexicanus, are often seen wading in shallow water in search of food such as small crustaceans, amphibians, and small fish. They also enjoy larva, dragonflies, and beetles as well as a few plants and seeds. Look for these unmistakable birds with long, pink legs in wetlands, flooded fields, shallow lakes and ponds, and saltmarshes.

The female chooses the male for mating and together they select a nest site and build the nest. Black-necked stilt nests are located on tiny islands, on floating masses of vegetation, or on the ground near the water. One will dig a hole with its feet and body. A lining of grasses, shells, stones, and other materials are added for 2 – 5 eggs. The couple will both incubate the eggs for nearly a month and raise the chicks until they are ready to be on their own in about a month after hatching.

When Black-necked stilts feel threatened by humans or other animals they will perform a “Popcorn Display.” A group of them will join together and jump up and down while flapping their wings and making loud sounds. They may also use a distraction tactic to lure predators away from their nests.

These beautiful birds face human threats of pesticide run-off and habitat loss. When birdwatching, stay far enough away so you do not disturb them.

Photo credit: Dan Kon

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Baird’s Sandpiper

My road trip to Siesta Key Beach on Florida’s West Coast yielded a rare Baird’s Sandpiper.  This bird is way off course, and an uncommon visitor here.

Here are some facts about it.
Named for Fullerton Baird, the second secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Baird’s Sandpiper breeds over a broad expanse of high-arctic North America and in parts of Russia, wintering from the Andes of Ecuador to the lowlands of Tierra del Fuego. Its migration is long but rapid. After departing high-arctic breeding grounds, and staging in southern Canada and the northern United States, most individuals travel 6,000 kilometers or more directly to northern South America, some going on as far as Tierra del Fuego and many completing the entire 15,000-kilometer journey in as few as 5 weeks.  ~Paul Waller

Thank you, Paul, for sharing this rare sighting of a beautiful Baird’s Sandpiper with all of us at Imagine Our Florida.

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Ruddy Turnstone

Ruddy Turnstone

These rock-dwelling birds spend the winter months in warmer climates, such as Florida, and migrate back to the Arctic Circle in Alaska in central Canada to breed during the summer months. These birds are protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBCA). Despite protection, these birds face numerous threats from deteriorating habitat along coasts to contaminated waters, which directly threaten their health and the health of their food source. Climate change is another risk factor. These birds rely on predictable climate patterns for food and breeding. Like many migratory animals, if the climate is offset, it could throw off their migration patterns. This means they may have a shorter time to raise their babies, or their food sources may not be available when they previously had in the past. One study even estimated that migratory bird populations are likely to decline 66-83% in the next 70 years. (Wouchope et al. 2016) These migratory animals are another reason Global warming should be a concern for Floridians.

Here is another Ruddy Turnstone on the beach.

 

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