Black Bee Killer and Batesian Mimicry

The Black Bee Killer, Mallophora atra (also known by the species name M. nigra), is a rarely seen member of the robber fly family. They are only found in Florida, with a single specimen sighted in North Carolina. Similar in structure to the more common Florida Bee Killer (M. bomboides), the black bee killer has an all-black abdomen and scutellum, as seen in the photo. There is some discussion as to if this is a separate species or a color variant of the more commonly seen Florida bee killer.

The black bee killer is quite similar in its life history to the other 2 bee killers found in Florida. They are large flies that are a great example of Batesian mimicry. Their bodies mimic bumblebees or carpenter bees and even make a buzzing sound when in flight! Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species evolves to have a similar appearance to another more dangerous species. In the case of M. atra, predators avoid eating bees due to the painful sting. This allows the flies to hunt in the open with less fear of being attacked themselves.

Other, more common Batesian mimics are the monarch butterfly and its mimics, the gulf fritillary, queen, and viceroy butterflies. In reptiles, you have the venomous coral snake, and its mimics the scarlet kingsnake and the scarlet snake. Southern and eastern hognose snakes resemble their more dangerous cousin, the pygmy rattlesnake.

The black bee killer inhabits open habitats where they perch on small branches and weed stalks, waiting for their prey to pass by. That prey includes primarily social bees such as honey bees, carpenter bees, bumblebees, and a few species of wasps. Honey bees seem to be a favorite food source due to their size and slower flight patterns. The female black killer bee lays eggs in the soil, but not much is known about the larval development of these robber flies. Other species of Mallophora larva have been known to parasitize on the larva of scarab beetles.

Photo Credit: David Gale and AndyWaldo

Riverside Acres Park

Riverside Acres Park is located in the middle of a family-friendly neighborhood near Maitland. This quaint little Orange County park consists of 8.1 acres and is complete with a playground for your little ones. Get outside with your leashed dog and saunter along the Little Wekiva River or simply sit for a while on a bench and take in the sights and sounds of Nature.

For more information: https://www.orangecountyfl.net/cultureparks/parks.aspx…

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Muscadine Grapes

The Muscadine Grape, Vitis rotundifolia, is a fruit native to the United States. It extends from

Delaware to central Florida and all states along the Gulf Coast to east Texas. It is also found to the north, along the Mississippi River to

Missouri.

The Muscadine Grape was the first native grape cultivated in the United States. Its thick skin and resistance to insect and disease pests make it a fruit that farmers can grow at a lower cost than other grapes.

Muscadine Grapes are rounder and larger than other grapes. They are sweeter and softer inside than most grapes found in the supermarket. According to the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at The University of Florida, the Muscadine Grape is rich in total phenolic compounds, catechins, and ellagic acid, which may help prevent cancer.

Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain

Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College

Jamaican Dogwood

The Jamaican Dogwood (Piscidia piscipula) is also known as the Florida Fish Fuddle Tree. It is a medium-sized tree that inhabits the coastline from Miami-Dade County through Monroe County including the Florida Keys, north along Florida’s west coast to Pinellas County. The Jamaican Dogwood is also a local tree in Central America and the West Indies. It can now be found in Texas, Mexico, and the northern part of South America.

For years, the Jamaican Dogwood has been used traditionally as a remedy for nerve pain, migraine, insomnia, anxiety, fear, and nervous tension. However, the tree is toxic to humans. Native Americans once used the tree as a fish poison by pouring pieces of bark and leaves from the tree into small bays. The rotenone of the tree would make fish float to the surface where the fishermen could easily grab them. Experts consider all parts of the Jamaican Dogwood tree to be poisonous when ingested.

The Jamaican Dogwood can grow up to 20 feet. The bark is yellow or grayish-brown on the outer surface, and lighter colored or white on the inner surface. The bright green leaves of these trees grow alternately and are about half an inch wide and 2-4 inches long. The wood is resistant to decay and is perfect for woodworking. In The Keys, Jamaican Dogwood is found in the upper canopy. It makes a wonderful shade tree for your yard or garden in subtropical and tropical habitats. Hammock skipper butterflies use the trees as larval hosts.

Author: Steven Marquez- Valencia College student

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Work Cited:

“Jamaican dogwood.” Mount Sinai, https://www.mountsinai.org/…/health-library/herb/jamaica-

Accessed on 14 October 2021.

Woodmansee, W. Steven. “The Fabulous Florida Fish Fuddle Tree.” Florida Native Plant Society Blog, 03 May 2014, http://fnpsblog.blogspot.com/…/fabulous-florida-fish… http://fnpsblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/fabulous-florida-fish-

Accessed on 14 October 2021.

Landscape Plants University of Florida IFAS https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/Pages/pispis/pispis.shtml Accessed on 14 October 2021

Blue Toadflax

Blue Toadflax, Nuttallanthus floridanus or Linaria canadensis, is also known as Canadian Toadflax. It is native to most of the eastern U.S. This annual wildflower can be found blooming in January through May throughout Florida.

Blue Toadflax produces dainty lilac-colored flowers on 12-inch stems and can be found along roadsides and in disturbed areas. The flowers resemble snapdragons. Blue Toadflax is not flax at all but is related to snapdragons. The wildflower’s seeds are dispersed by wind and often produce a spring blanket of green and lavender along highways and in gardens.

Buckeye butterflies use Blue Toadflax as a larval host plant. Invite bees, skippers, and butterflies to your yard when you plant Blue Toadflax in your native wildflower garden.

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Summer Fishfly

The Summer Fishfly, Chauliodes pectinicornis, is an insect that grows to approximately 1 1/2 inches. It is omnivorous and spends most of its life in still or slow-moving water with lots of detritus. Th fishfly undergoes a complete metamorphosis in a log or under bark and emerges as the adult you see here. It will mate, lay eggs near the water, and die within seven days.

Banded Tree Snail

Banded Tree Snail, Orthalicus floridensis.

The banded tree snail is the largest of the Florida tree snails. This outgoing species has two to three spiral brown bands and one to four dark brown vertical growth lines on its shell. They can be found only in south Florida, from Big Pine Key in the south, northward to Chokoloskee Key on the west coast and Miami on the east coast. This area falls in Dade, Monroe, and Collier counties. Their range north of this area is restricted due to this species’ intolerance of cold weather.

Banded tree snails occupy dense, hardwood hammocks where they live on a variety of both native and introduced species of trees. There, they feed on algae, fungi, and lichens on bark and leaf surfaces. This species is no longer listed as threatened as of January 11, 2017. They are, however, part of the Imperiled Species Management Plan. This is due to the species’ limited range, loss of suitable habitat within that range, and threats from fire ants which can kill tree snails during hibernation.

Banded tree snails are hermaphrodites. This means they possess both male and female reproductive structures. The late summer rains trigger them to mate. Banded tree snails take 2 to 3 years to reach sexual maturity. They lay eggs in nests at the base of trees. These eggs are roughly pea-sized and will remain in the nest until the next rainy season when the young will hatch and move up into the trees.

Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Gray Hairstreak

Gray Hairstreaks, Strymon melinus, are common butterflies found from southern Canada, throughout the US, and as far south as Venezuela. These are small butterflies with a wingspan of only 7/8 – 1 3/8 inches. Male Gray Hairstreaks can be found perching on shrubs and small trees as they await the arrival of a receptive female.

Females lay their single eggs on the flowers of their chosen host plant. Host plants include clover, mallow. pea, and a diverse variety of other plants. The fruits and flowers provide meals for younger caterpillars while older caterpillars dine on the leaves.

Look for Gray Hairstreaks in open and disturbed areas where native plants including goldenrod, dogbane, clover, and milkweed thrive.

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Back to Nature Wildlife Refuge

Back to Nature Wildlife Refuge was founded in 1989 by Carmen M. Shaw. It is the largest non-profit public facility in Central Florida, serving 2,500-3,000 Florida native wildlife per year. This organization rescues, raises, rehabilitates, and releases injured or orphaned Florida native species. They also provide education about respecting and preserving the environment through non-releasable permanent residents known as “educational ambassadors.”

Back to Nature Wildlife Refuge does not limit their access to Florida native

wildlife, but they also accept exotic species. Currently, they shelter 30 non-releasable animals. The animals come from different backgrounds. Some of them come from breeding facilities, others are from homes where they used to be pets, others suffered a critical accident, and some have diseases that do not allow them to survive in the wild. But whatever the case is, Back to the Wildlife Refuge always tries to return the injured or orphaned animals to their habitats. However, if the animal cannot be returned to nature due to its condition, it becomes an educational ambassador and permanent resident.

Back to Nature Wildlife Refuge is open to the public. They are located at 10525 Clapp Simms Duda Road. Visiting the refuge is a great experience that enriches your mind and heart. Visitors get the chance to directly see the impact made by this wonderful organization and its educational ambassadors. In their facilities, you will meet Eastern Gray Squirrels, a Gray Fox, Florida Bobcats, an Emu, Ring-Tailed Lemurs, an African Spurred Tortoise, a Barred Owl, honey bees, and many other species. Additionally, you will learn about each animal, its stories, and its incredible importance in nature. Do not hesitate to ask questions since the staff is incredibly informed and kind.

For more information: https://www.btnwildlife.org/

Author and Photo Credit: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College

Chuck-will’s Widow

The Chuck-will’s Widow is a nocturnal bird that regularly visits North America. However, this bird inhabits the south of Florida from Okeechobee to the Keys year-round, In breeding season, this bird spends time in oak-hickory, pine, and other forests of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states. During the breeding season, this bird spends time in oak-hickory, pine, and other forests of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states. During winter, they move as far south as the Caribbean, Colombia, and Venezuela.

The Chuck-will’s Widow is the largest nightjar in North American and can grow to be 12.6 inches large and weigh 188 grams. This bird is well camouflaged, so it is hard to spot. The general color tone of its plumage is warm brown. and the outer tail feathers have white inner webs). Additionally, its whole body has small black spots.

The diet of the Chuck-will’s widow consists of insects they hunt while flying low over the ground. They have regularly been seen eating smaller birds and bats. This bird does not build nests. Instead, they just lay their eggs among pine needles and dead leaves on the ground.

According to the All About Birds organization, the population of Chuck-will’s widows has declined by about 2.3% per year between 1966 and 2015. This decline accounts for an accumulative decline of 69% by the North American Breeding Bird Survey.

Listen for the Chuck-will widow’s unrelenting calling at dusk and during the night and especially when the moon is full.

Work Cited: The Cornell Lab. “Chuck-will’s Widow.” All About Birds Accessed 25 November 2021.

Photo Credit: Paul Waller, Natureboy Photography

Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College

American Coot

The American Coot, Fulica Americana, is a medium-sized water bird that is commonly spotted in the

marshes of Florida. However, the coot does not only inhabit Florida. This species

Females produce 1-2 broods each year of 8-12 eggs. Nests are commonly found on floating platforms, over water, and among reeds, cattails grasses, or other vegetation.

The American Coot has black plumage, a short white bill, red eyes, and a small red patch between its bill and head. They are known for being clumsy fliers and spending most of their time in large flocks.

This beautiful species is one of the most common birds you will find in Florida. If you want to take a closer look at the coot while enjoying time in Florida with your family and friends, plan a visit to Lake Apopka Wildlife Drive where these birds are abundant.

Females produce 1-2 broods each year of 8-12 eggs. Nests are commonly found on floating platforms, over water, and among reeds, cattails grasses, or other vegetation.

This beautiful species is one of the most common birds you will find in Florida. If you want to take a closer look at the coot while enjoying time in Florida with your family and friends, plan a visit to Lake Apopka Wildlife Drive where these birds are abundant.

Photo Credit: Kon Studio

Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College

Magnolia Park

Magnolia Park, located on the eastern shore of Lake Apopka, is an outdoor space with something for everyone. There is a playground for the kids, volleyball and basketball courts, a baseball field, a boat ramp, and picnic tables where you can enjoy your meal under ancient live oaks. Spend a few nights in your tent or RV at one of 18 campsites. Be sure to stop by the Ecotourism Center to learn about the history of Lake Apopka, the ongoing restoration work, and the Lake Apopka Loop Trail.

Wildlife peacefully coexists with human visitors at Magnolia Park. Look for ducks, wading birds, dragonflies, and alligators in the pond at the center of the park. A colorful array of beautiful native flowers bloom to the delight of butterflies and bees. Sandhill cranes, osprey, and a variety of birds and wildlife visit often. A flock of Peacocks calls Magnolia Park home.

For more information about Magnolia Park: https://www.orangecountyfl.net/CultureParks/Parks.aspx…

Photo credit: Dan Kon

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Gray-headed Swamphen

Gray-Headed Swamphens, (Porphyrio poliocephalus). are big and lovely colored marsh birds that originated in Asia and are believed to be a subspecies of the Purple Swamphen from Southern Europe to Southern Africa and New Zealand. Males average 2.3 lbs. and females average 1.9 lbs. Gray-headed Swamphens have dark shiny indigo feathers with a red bill. Although they vary in color, they generally have dark green, brown, or black plumage on their wings and back, and their breast and heads are pale blue to gray in color, giving them their name.

The Swamphen is thought to have been established in Florida since the 1990s. They are believed to have arrived in the state as imported captive birds, that escaped after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in and around the area of Pembroke Pines. They are now commonly found in ponds, lawns, golf courses, and marshland in the Southeastern area of Florida in the thousands. This one was photographed at Lake Apopka Wildlife Drive.

Female Swamphens will lay a clutch of 3-7 eggs during a breeding season, however, multiple females may share the same nest. The eggs are usually a tan or beige color with dark brown spots. Both the male and the female incubate the eggs which will hatch in about 3 weeks. The hatchlings are fed by the adults for several weeks but will begin to search for food on their own after just a few days after hatching.

The Swamphen’s diet consists mostly of seeds of aquatic plants, plant roots, leaves, and stalks. It predominantly feeds on Spikerush in Florida. The Gray-headed Swamphen also will eat some insects, frogs, snails and has been known to forage human food when accessible.

Swamphens forage by wading along the water’s edge, in shallow marshes or wet fields, by climbing into marsh vegetation, or while swimming. It often will stand on one foot while using the other foot to grasp plant material while feeding.

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Woodside Park Viera East

Woodside Park in Viera East has a wonderful playground where children can let their imaginations run wild. There are slides, swings and tunnels, a web rope and a huge tree stump to climb on, bridges to cross, and elevated hills to climb up and roll down.

The park features a walking/biking path that loops around the park. There is a shaded half-mile nature tail to saunter along while immersing yourself in Nature.

There is a dog park with an area for big dogs and one for little dogs. There is a dog shelter and two misting stations where dogs and their humans can cool off together on hot summer days.

Be sure to visit the extremely popular monthly farmers’ market.

The folks in Viera East have put their hearts into creating a perfect neighborhood park that encourages families to meet their neighbors and to enjoy the great outdoors.