Florida Sandhill Crane

Florida Sandhill Cranes (Antigone canadensis pratensis) are a subspecies of the North American Sandhill Crane. They spend their entire lives in Florida and are members of the Gruidae crane family. The earliest fossils of a crane were found in Florida 2.5 million years ago.
Florida Sandhill Cranes are long-necked, long-legged, gray birds that stand nearly 4 feet tall. They have a bald spot on the top of their head that exposes bright red skin. Although they resemble herons, Sandhill Cranes stretch their necks, much like geese when they fly. Their wingspan can reach 6 1/2 feet. Look for pairs or small groups of Florida Sandhill Cranes in freshwater marshes, prairies, and pastures. You will find them dining on seeds, grain, berries, insects, earthworms, mice, small birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, and crayfish. They have a unique call of the wild sound that resembles a trumpet.
At two years old, monogamous Florida Sandhill Cranes pairs bond. They will begin a dramatic display of courtship that includes exquisite dancing with jumps, runs, and graceful flapping wings. The mates will build a nest of sticks, grass, and moss where two eggs are laid. The pair incubate the eggs for 32 days. At only two days old, the colts are able to follow their parents and begin to learn to forage for food. By ten months old, the juveniles leave the nest and can live to be 20 years old.
There are only 4,000 – 5,000 Florida Sandhill Cranes left. This low number has caused our state to designate them as Threatened, and thus, they are protected by Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species Act and the U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act. In November and December, 25,000 Greater Sandhill Cranes will migrate to Florida, where they will spend the winter with their Florida crane relatives.
Florida Sandhill Cranes have lost much of their habitat to development and agriculture. Thus, they are often seen on golf courses, at airports, and in neighborhoods where there is a bounty of turf grubs, acorns, earthworms, and mole crickets. Here they are vulnerable to pesticide poisoning, vehicular accidents, entanglement in powerlines, and predation by cats and dogs.
Please do not feed Sandhill Cranes. It is illegal to intentionally or unintentionally feed them. They will quickly become habituated to human conditions. Remove birdseed if Sandhill Cranes discover your feeder. Nature provides plenty of healthy food.
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Common Long-Horned Bee

Common Long-Horned Bee (Melissodes communis)
Female Common long-horned bees build underground burrows where they nest. Males, shown in this photo, use broken stems or parts of plants to sleep at night. In this case, they are using the remains of a blanket flower (Gaillardia pulchella).
The bee on the far left can be seen curling his body on top of the stem, almost giving the seed head appearance. Before they sleep, you may observe the bees grooming, sometimes even doing handstands or other impressive movements as they clean all their little legs. Other times you may see them ramming each other to gain access to a branch.
While they may seem aggressive, the males typically are not bothered by the company of humans. This group wasn’t even phased by the camera lens less than a foot from them. Females, while a bit more agitated by human presence, rarely demonstrate aggression.
These busy little bees love a variety of flowering native plants, including and members of the Asteraceae family, dotted horsemint, tropical salvia, beautyberry, and wild coffee.
Do you have a favorite type of native bee? Let us know in the comments and share this post with your friends so they can learn more about this adorable species of native bees.
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Devil’s Millhopper Geological State Park

Devil’s Millhopper Geological State Park
Visit a miniature rainforest at Devil’s Millhopper Geological State Park. When the limestone beneath it collapsed, a 120-foot deep sink was created. Since the 1880s, Devil’s Millhopper has captured the imaginations of visitors who marveled at this natural wonder located in Gainesville.
The state purchased the site in 1974. When the steps into the sinkhole were completed in 1976, Devil’s Millhopper Geological State Park was designated a National Natural Landmark.
The history of Devil’s Millhopper has been passed down over generations. Oral history tells us that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the limestone entrance and a stairway into the sinkhole in the 1930s. How did Devil’s Millhopper get its name? In the 1800s, grain was ground in a gristmill. A funnel at the top of the mill, known as a hopper, held the grain as it was fed into the grinder. Fossils and bones of animals were found at the bottom of the sinkhole. Legend has it that the Devil used the Millhopper to capture the animals. A few remaining Catface pines remind us of the turpentine industry from long ago. Natural history abounds in the sink as researchers have discovered marine shells, shark teeth, and the fossils of extinct land animals.
Today, Devil’s Millhopper is a welcome reprieve from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. A nature trail loops around the 500-foot rim of the sinkhole. Let your senses absorb the sights, sounds, and smells as you meander down the stairs into the rainforest. Take in the multiple shades of green as you slowly descend into the rainforest. Listen for the sounds from the treetops as their leaves rustle in the wind, and birds sing their melodies. Hear the water trickle through creeks and over waterfalls before disappearing into the limestone. Feel the temperates drop as you near the bottom of the sink and travel under the canopy of the lush trees.
Look for grey treefrogs, fox sparrows, and golden-banded skippers as well as rabbits, squirrels, and a plethora of reptiles and amphibians. There are Saturday guided walks with a park ranger and a picnic area. Dogs on a six-foot leash are welcome.
Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain and Bobby Putnam
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Scrubs

Scrubs are the remains of an archipelago that existed over 25 million years ago (Bostick, et al. 2005). Today, these ecosystems are characterized by low-quality sandy soil and are dominated by sand pines. The primary soil type is entisol which allows water to drain well and replenish the aquifer (The Nature Conservancy 1991).  Plant species within the area are fire-adapted (Abrahamson, 1984).

Fire regiments are typically every 20 to 80 years and are facilitated by resin from sand pines, which are highly flammable (Menges and Kohfeldt, 1995). As a result, a fire rapidly spreads through the system and climbs to the treetops, creating what is referred to as “crown fires.” The heat from these fires facilitates a serotinous response, opening of sand pinecones. This heat is necessary for the release of seeds (Brendemuehl, 1990). Following fire regiments, a large and diverse collection of seeds are dispersed to the understory and can remain dormant for several years (Carrington ME, 1997).

Most sand pine scrub fires occur between February and June, with approximately 80% occurring during this time (Cooper, 1973). Historically, the primary means of fire ignition was lightning (Komarek, 1964.) Now, management practices include prescribed burns and mechanical harvesting of pines, which are recommended between March and May (Main and Menges, 1997).

Conservation efforts are necessary to maintain a healthy habitat for wildlife and to prevent extinctions, but there are other values that make conservation of these areas so important. Scrubs produce a relatively small economic value, but it is important that practices for harvesting sand pines are sustainable.

One sector that has been working on best management practices for sustainable use is the timber industry. An average of 40,000 acres a year of timber is produced from scrubs (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012). Sand pines are mostly used for wood pulp. To produce sufficient pulp, the trees need to be at least 35 years old. Alternative growth rotations are necessary to ensure a sustainable harvest that has led to a cost-effective strategy of preparing the ground for seeding. This strategy includes clear-cutting, roller chopping, seeding, and 35 years of growth (Hinchee and Garcia, 2017).

Photo: Pine pulp at a paper mill in Pensacola 1947.

 

References:

Abrahamson W. 1984. Species responses to fire on the Florida lake wales ridge. American Journal of Botany 71.

Bostick, K. Johnson SA, and Main MB. 2005. Florida geological history. UF/IFAS Extension.

Brendemuehl R.H. 1990. Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg., Sand Pine. Silvics of North America 1:294-301.

Carrington ME. 1997. Soil seed bank structure and composition in Florida sand pine. American Midland Naturalist 137(1).

Cooper, R.W. 1973. Fire and sand pine. Sand pine symposium proceedings. General technical report SE-2. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service; Marianna, Florida. 207

Hinchee J and Garcia JO. 2017. Sand Pine and Florida Scrub-Jays—An Example of Integrated Adaptive Management in a Rare Ecosystem. Journal of Forestry 115:230-237

Komarek EV Sr. 1964. The natural history of lightning. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers fire ecology conference 8. Tall Timbers Research Station; Tallahassee, Florida.

The Nature Conservancy, Archbold Biological Station, Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 1991. Lake Wales/Highlands Ridge Ecosystem CARL Project Proposal, January 1991.

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Lower Wekiva River Preserve State Park

Immerse yourself in Nature along the Wekiva River and Blackwater Creek at Lower Wekiva River Preserve State Park. Located in Sanford, Seminole County, the wetlands and blackwater streams are home to sandhill cranes, wood storks, river otters, turtles, fish, alligators, and Florida black bears.
Stroll along the Sand Hill Nature Trail. Interpretive signs guide you as you admire the beauty of the native plants and enjoy the antics of the wildlife. Lower Wekiva River Preserve State Park is a wonderful outdoor space to bike, jog, or walk. Be sure to stop along the way for some birding.
Paddle through the park on the Wekiva River, which has been designated a National Wild and Scenic River. Launch your paddleboard, canoe, or kayak at Katie’s Landing, where you will find picnic tables, grills, and restrooms.
Equestrians appreciate the 26 miles of multi-use trails at Fechtel Tract, where they can ride through rainy-season creeks and streams, hydric hammocks, and open pastures. Water troughs, stalls, a coral and a mountain block is available for your horse. Stay the day, or spend a night or more at one of the primitive campsites. Grills and picnic tables are also available for you. Be sure to carry proof of a negative Coggins test.
Pets on a six-foot handheld leash are welcome, with the exception of primitive camping areas.
Photo Credit: Andy Waldo
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Saltwort

Saltwort, Batis maritime, is also known as turtleweed or beachwort.
A highly salt-tolerant shrub, Saltwort, is found in saltwater marshes and mangroves swamps. This long-lived perennial produces greenish-white flowers in late spring and is a host plant for larval and adult Great Southern White and Eastern Pigmy Blue butterflies. Some folks use Saltwort in salads as a salty herb.
Saltwort should be planted in sandy soil in an area with full sun or light shade. It grows 1-4 feet tall and has been used as a groundcover. Be sure to purchase yours from an accredited Florida Native Plant nursery.
Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain

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Cedar Key

If you are looking for a place to escape the hustle and bustle of life, look no further than Cedar Key. A place where the locals greet you with friendly smiles, where shorebirds frolic in the waters, ospreys soar overhead, and a multitude of habitats are waiting to be explored. Your trip begins on Highway 24 in Levy County, where you drive from the mainland on low bridges, over picturesque channels, and salt marshes onto Cedar Key.

A pencil factory was once located on Cedar Key, where the cedar trees supplied the wood for the pencils. The first Florida coast-to-coast railroad ended at Cedar Key before it was rerouted to Tampa. Shell mounds give us a look into the lives of the indigenous people who called Cedar Key home long ago. Today, about 800 permanent residents welcome visitors to their unique island.

Cedar Key is a Nature Lover’s paradise, where visitors can stroll along nature trails, birdwatch, and paddle in the Gulf. The federally protected sanctuaries lure both shorebirds and migratory birds. Go on a coastal guided tour. Kayaks, paddleboards, and motorboats are available for rent to explore the Gulf of Mexico. Campgrounds provide space for your RV or tent.

Saunter along the Cedar Key Railroad Trestle Nature Trail, a 1,700 ft path of old Fernandina Cedar Key rail line. Let the cedars and pines shade you as the songbirds serenade you with sweet melodies. Watch for a beautiful variety of wildflowers with butterflies flitting about. At Cemetary Point Park, there is an easy walk along a 1299 foot boardwalk through mangroves. Cedar Key Museum State Park Nature Trail is a short stroll where you will see gray squirrels playing, woodpeckers in search of food, mocking birds tweeting, and green tree frogs resting.

The swamps, marshes, and wetlands are home to American avocets, ibises, roseate spoonbills, herons, egrets, pelicans, and more. Dolphins play in the Gulf. Thousand of birds visit during the fall and winter migration including, rare white pelicans. With its laid-back Old Florida vibe, Cedar Key is a perfect addition to your list of places to visit.

Photo Credit: Dan Kon

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Key Deer

Key Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) are members of the North American White-tailed Deer family. They are the smallest species and are endangered.

Found only in the Florida Keys, these beautiful animals were poached and suffered from habitat loss, leaving only a few dozen left in the wild. In 1967, Key Deer were listed as endangered. The protections afforded them under the listing, as well as the establishment of the Key Deer refuge, have brought their population up to nearly 1,000. Big Pine Key and No Name Key are home to 3/4 of the population.

Key Deer dine on over 150 species of native plants. Adult females weigh about 65 pounds, and adult males weigh about 85 pounds. During the rut, the males lock horns as they compete. Breeding takes place in the fall. Between late spring and early summer, does give birth to one white-spotted fawn. When startled, Key Deer will raise their tails, exposing their white fur.

Humans can be a threat to Key Deer. When visiting The Keys, drive slowly, especially at night and in the early morning. Keep them wild. Resist feeding Key Deer unhealthy human food.

Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain and Dan Kon

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Ladybug

Ladybugs (Coccinellidae), aka Lady Bettles, a worldwide symbol of good luck, are best known for their voracious appetite for aphids. As omnivores, they dine on whiteflies, mites, mealybugs, scale insects, and mildews and can devour up to 5,000 aphids in their lifetime.
 
Ladybugs live two to three years and grow between 1/3 and slightly over 3/8 of an inch. Female ladybugs lay golden eggs on the underside of leaves, often near an aphid colony. In a few days, the eggs hatch, and the larvae will eat between 350 and 400 aphids within two weeks before becoming adults.
 
Ladybugs’ strikingly bright colors make them easily identifiable but unappealing to predators. A fluid secreted from the joints in their legs also makes them taste bad. Ladybugs will outsmart their predators by secreting the foul smell while playing dead.
When temperatures fall, Ladybugs enter diapause and live off their stored reserves for up to nine months. When the temperature warms to 55°, they resume everyday life. As they take flight, their tiny wings beat about 85 times per second.
 
Did you know Ladybugs went to Outer Space? A space shuttle carried four ladybugs and a jar of aphids as part of a zero-gravity experiment. Ladybugs did not need gravity to dine on the aphids.
 
It is not a good idea to purchase Ladybugs. Most that are for sale have been wild-caught. No studies have been done to determine whether or not any harm is being done to the Ladybug population in the area where they are caught. This can result in more pesticide use when ladybugs are not present. Ladybugs are not tested for disease before shipment so that they could introduce disease-carrying pathogens to native Ladybugs in your area. Ladybugs introduced to your garden will fly away if there are insufficient food sources.
 
The best way to attract some of Florida’s 98 species of Ladybugs to your landscapes is to avoid chemicals. Learn to identify the larvae and leave them alone to eat the harmful pests in your garden.
 
Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

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